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1852
Daniel A. P. Murray born. Born in Baltimore on March 3. Murray, an
African-American, was assistant librarian of Congress, and a collector of
books and pamphlets by and about black Americans.
Publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, published
on March 20, focused national attention on the cruelties of slavery.
1854
Lincoln University chartered. Initially known as Ashmun Institute, Lincoln
University was chartered in Oxford, Pennsylvania, on January 1. It was
one of America's earliest Negro colleges.
1856
Booker Taliaferro Washington born. Born in Franklin County, Virginia, on April
5, Washington was the first principal of Tuskegee Institute (1881), and was the
individual most responsible for its early development. Washington was considered
the leading African-American spokesman of his day.
1857
Supreme Court rules on the Dred Scott case. On March 6, the Supreme Court
decided that an African-American could not be a citizen of the U.S., and thus
had no rights of citizenship. The decision sharpened the national debate over
slavery.
1859
John Brown's raid. On October 16-17, John Brown raided the federal arsenal
at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (today located in West Virginia). Brown's
unsuccessful mission to obtain arms for a slave insurrection stirred and divided
the nation. Brown was hanged for treason on December 2.
The last slave ship arrives. During this year, the last ship to bring slaves to the
United States, the Clothilde, arrived in Mobile Bay, Alabama.
1860
Abraham Lincoln elected president. Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected
president on November 6, 1860.
Census of 1860.
U.S. population: 31,443,790
Black population: 4,441,790 (14.1%)
1862
Slavery abolished in the District of Columbia. Congress abolished slavery in the
District of Columbia -- an important step on the road for freedom for all
African-Americans.
1863
The Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation took effect
January 1, legally freeing slaves in areas of the South in rebellion.
New York City draft riots. Anti-conscription riots started on July 13 and lasted
four days, during which hundreds of black Americans were killed or wounded.
The Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Volunteers. On July 18, the Fifty-Fourth
Massachusetts Volunteers -- the all-black unit of the Union army portrayed in the
1989 Tri-Star Pictures film Glory -- charged Fort Wagner in Charleston, South
Carolina. Sergeant William H. Carney becomes the first African-American to
receive the Congressional Medal of Honor for bravery under fire.
1864
Equal pay. On June 15, Congress passed a bill authorizing equal pay, equipment,
arms, and health care for African-American Union troops.
The New Orleans Tribune. On October 4, the New Orleans Tribune began publication.
The Tribune was one of the first daily newspapers produced by blacks.
1865
Congress approves the Thirteenth Amendment. Slavery would be outlawed in the
United States by the Thirteenth Amendment, which Congress approved and sent
on to the states for ratification on January 31.
The Freedmen's Bureau. On March 3, Congress established the Freedmen's
Bureau to provide health care, education, and technical assistance to emancipated
slaves.
Death of Lincoln. On April 15, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated; Vice President
Andrew Johnson, a Tennessee Democrat, succeeded him as president.
Ratification of Thirteenth Amendment. The Thirteenth Amendment, outlawing slavery,
was ratified on December 18.
1866
Presidential meeting for black suffrage. On February 2, a black delegation led by
Frederick Douglass met with President Andrew Johnson at the White House to
advocate black suffrage. The president expressed his opposition, and the meeting
ended in controversy.
Civil Rights Act. Congress overrode President Johnson's veto on April 9 and passed
the Civil Rights Act, conferring citizenship upon black Americans and guaranteeing
equal rights with whites.
Memphis massacre. On May 1-3, white civilians and police killed forty-six
African-Americans and injured many more, burning ninety houses, twelve schools,
and four churches in Memphis, Tennessee.
The Fourteenth Amendment. On June 13, Congress approved the Fourteenth
Amendment to the Constitution, guaranteeing due process and equal protection
under the law to all citizens. The amendment would also grant citizenship to blacks.
Police massacre. Police in New Orleans stormed a Republican meeting of blacks
and whites on July 30, killing more than 40 and wounding more than 150.
Founding of the Ku Klux Klan. The Ku Klux Klan, an organization formed to intimidate
blacks and other ethnic and religious minorities, first met in Maxwell House, Memphis.
The Klan was the first of many secret terrorist organizations organized in the South
for the purpose of reestablishing white authority.
1867
Black suffrage. On January 8, overriding President Johnson's veto, Congress granted
the black citizens of the District of Columbia the right to vote.
Reconstruction begins. Reconstruction Acts were passed by Congress on March 2.
These acts called for the enfranchisement of former slaves in the South.
1868
Fourteenth Amendment ratified. On July 21, the Fourteenth Amendment to the
Constitution was ratified, granting citizenship to any person born or naturalized in
the United States.
Thaddeus Stevens dies. Thaddeus Stevens, Radical Republican leader in Congress
and father of Reconstruction, died on August 11.
Massacre in Louisiana. The Opelousas Massacre occurred in Louisiana on
September 28, in which an estimated 200 to 300 black Americans were killed.
Ulysses S. Grant becomes president. Civil War general Ulysses S. Grant (Republican)
was elected president on November 3.
1869
Fifteenth Amendment approved. On February 26, Congress sent the Fifteenth
Amendment to the Constitution to the states for approval. The amendment would
guarantee black Americans the right to vote.
First black diplomat. On April 6, Ebenezer Don Carlos Bassett was appointed
minister to Haiti -- the first black American diplomat and the first black American
presidential appointment. For many years thereafter, both Democratic and Republican
administrations appointed black Americans as ministers to Haiti and Liberia.
1870
Census of 1870.
U.S. population: 39,818,449
Black population: 4,880,009 (12.7%)
The first African-American senator. Hiram R. Revels (Republican) of Mississippi took
his seat February 25. He was the first black United States senator, though he served
only one year.
Fifteenth Amendment ratified. The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution was
ratified on March 30.
1871
The Fisk University Jubilee Singers tour. On October 6, Fisk University's Jubilee
Singers began their first national tour. The Jubilee Singers became world-famous
singers of black spirituals. The money they earned built Fisk University.
1875
Civil Rights Act of 1875. Congress approved the Civil Rights Act on March 1,
guaranteeing equal rights to black Americans in public accommodations and jury
duty. The legislation was invalidated by the Supreme Court in 1883.
The first African-American to serve a full term as senator. Blanche Kelso Bruce
(Republican) of Mississippi took his seat in the United States Senate on March 3.
He would become the first African-American to serve a full six-year term. Not until
1969 did another black American begin a Senate term.
Birth of Mary McLeod Bethune. Mary McLeod Bethune, educator, government
official, and African-American leader, was born on July 10 in Mayesville, South
Carolina.
Clinton Massacre. On September 4-6, more than 20 black Americans were killed
in a massacre in Clinton, Mississippi.
Birth of Carter Godwin Woodson. Carter G. Woodson, who earned a doctorate in
history from Harvard and was known as "The Father of Black History," was born
on December 19, 1875, in New Canton, Virginia.
1876
Race riots and terrorism. A summer of race riots and terrorism directed at blacks
occurred in South Carolina. President Grant sent federal troops to restore order.
A close presidential election. In the presidential election of 1876, the outcome in
the Electoral College appeared too close to be conclusive in the campaign of
Samuel Tilden (Democrat) versus Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican).
1877
The end of Reconstruction. A deal with Southern Democratic leaders made
Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) president, in exchange for the withdrawal of
federal troops from the South and the end of federal efforts to protect the civil rights
of African-Americans.
The first African-American to graduate from West Point. On June 15, Henry O.
Flipper became the first black American to graduate from West Point.
1880
Census of 1880.
U.S. population: 50,155,783
Black population: 6,580,793 (13.1%)
James Garfield elected president. On November 2, James A. Garfield, Republican,
was elected president.
1881
President Garfield assassinated. President Garfield was shot on July 2; he died on
September 19. Vice President Chester A. Arthur (Republican) succeeded Garfield
as president.
Tuskegee Institute founded. Booker T. Washington became the first principal of
Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, on July 4. Tuskegee became the leading
vocational training institution for African-Americans.
Segregation of public transportation. Tennessee segregated railroad cars, followed
by Florida (1887), Mississippi (1888), Texas (1889), Louisiana (1890), Alabama,
Kentucky, Arkansas, and Georgia (1891), South Carolina (1898), North Carolina
(1899), Virginia (1900), Maryland (1904), and Oklahoma (1907).
1882
Lynchings. Forty-nine black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1882.
1883
Civil Rights Act overturned. On October 15, the Supreme Court declared the Civil
Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional. The Court declared that the Fourteenth
Amendment forbids states, but not citizens, from discriminating.
Sojourner Truth dies. Sojourner Truth, a courageous and ardent abolitionist and a
brilliant speaker, died on November 26.
A political coup and a race riot. On November 3, white conservatives in Danville,
Virginia, seized control of the local government, racially integrated and popularly
elected, killing four African-Americans in the process.
Lynchings. Fifty-three black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1883.
1884
Cleveland elected president. Grover Cleveland (Democrat) was elected president
on November 4.
Lynchings. Fifty-one black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1884.
1885
A black Episcopal bishop. On June 25, African-American Samuel David Ferguson
was ordained a bishop of the Episcopal church.
Lynchings. Seventy-four black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1885.
1886
The Carrollton Massacre. On March 17, 20 black Americans were massacred at
Carrollton, Mississippi.
Labor organizes. The American Federation of Labor was organized on December 8,
signaling the rise of the labor movement. All major unions of the day excluded black
Americans.
Lynchings. Seventy-four black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1886.
1887
Lynchings. Seventy black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1887.
1888
Two of the first African-American banks. Two of America's first black-owned banks --
the Savings Bank of the Grand Fountain United Order of the Reformers, in Richmond
Virginia, and Capital Savings Bank of Washington, DC, opened their doors.
Harrison elected president. Benjamin Harrison (Republican) was elected president on
November 6.
Lynchings. Sixty-nine black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1888.
1889
Lynchings. Ninety-four black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1889.
1890
Census of 1890.
U.S. population: 62,947,714
Black population: 7,488,676 (11.9%)
The Afro-American League. On January 25, under the leadership of Timothy Thomas
Fortune, the militant National Afro-American League was founded in Chicago.
African-Americans are disenfranchised. The Mississippi Plan, approved on November
1, used literacy and "understanding" tests to disenfranchise black American citizens.
Similar statutes were adopted by South Carolina (1895), Louisiana (1898), North
Carolina (1900), Alabama (1901), Virginia (1901), Georgia (1908), and Oklahoma (1910).
A white supremacist is elected. Populist "Pitchfork Ben" Tillman was elected governor
of South Carolina. He called his election "a triumph of ... white supremacy."
Lynchings. Eighty-five black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1890.
1891
Lynchings. One hundred and thirteen black Americans are known to have been lynched
in 1891.
1892
Grover Cleveland elected president. Grover Cleveland (Democrat) was elected president
on November 8.
Lynchings. One hundred and sixty-one black Americans are known to have been
lynched in 1892.
1893
Lynchings. One hundred and eighteen black Americans are known to have been
lynched in 1893.
1894
The Pullman strike. The Pullman Company strike caused a national transportation
crisis. On May 11, African-Americans were hired by the company as strike-breakers.
Lynchings. One hundred and thirty-four black Americans are known to have been
lynched in 1894.
1895
Douglass dies. African-American leader and statesman Frederick Douglass died
on February 20.
A race riot. Whites attacked black workers in New Orleans on March 11-12. Six
blacks were killed.
The Atlanta Compromise. Booker T. Washington delivered his famous "Atlanta
Compromise" address on September 18 at the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition.
He said the "Negro problem" would be solved by a policy of gradualism and
accommodation.
The National Baptist Convention. Several Baptist organizations combined to form the
National Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.; the Baptist church is the largest black
religious denomination in the United States.
Lynchings. One hundred and thirteen black Americans are known to have been
lynched in 1895.
1896
Plessy v. Ferguson. The Supreme Court decided on May 18 in Plessy v. Ferguson that
"separate but equal" facilities satisfy Fourteenth Amendment guarantees, thus giving
legal sanction to Jim Crow segregation laws.
Black women organize. The National Association of Colored Women was formed on July
21; Mary Church Terrell was chosen president.
McKinley elected president. On November 3, William McKinley (Republican) was elected
president.
George Washington Carver. George Washington Carver was appointed director of
agricultural research at Tuskegee Institute. His work advanced peanut, sweet potato,
and soybean farming.
Lynchings. Seventy-eight black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1896.
1897
American Negro Academy. The American Negro Academy was established on March
5 to encourage African-American participation in art, literature and philosophy.
Lynchings. One hundred and twenty-three black Americans are known to have been
lynched in 1897.
1898
The Spanish-American War. The Spanish-American War began on April 21. Sixteen
regiments of black volunteers were recruited; four saw combat. Five black Americans
won Congressional Medals of Honor.
The National Afro-American Council. Founded on September 15, the National
Afro-American Council elected Bishop Alexander Walters its first president.
A race riot. On November 10, in Wilmington, North Carolina, eight black Americans
were killed during white rioting.
Black-owned insurance companies. The North Carolina Mutual and Provident Insurance
Company and the National Benefit Life Insurance Company of Washington, DC were
established. Both companies were black-owned.
Lynchings. One hundred and one black Americans are known to have been lynched
in 1898.
1899
A lynching protest. The Afro-American Council designated June 4 as a national day of
fasting to protest lynchings and massacres.
Lynchings. Eighty-five black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1899.
1900
Census of 1900.
U.S. population: 75,994,575
Black population: 8,833,994 (11.6%)
Lynchings. One hundred and six black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1900.
A World's Fair. The Paris Exposition was held, and the United States pavilion housed
an exhibition on black Americans. The "Exposition des Negres d'Amerique" won several
awards for excellence. Daniel A. P. Murray's collection of works by and about black
Americans was developed for this exhibition.
1901
The last African-American congressman for 28 years. George H. White gave up his seat
on March 4. No African-American would serve in Congress for the next 28 years.
President McKinley assassinated. President McKinley died of an assassin's bullet on
September 14, a week after being shot in Buffalo, New York. Vice President Theodore
Roosevelt succeeded him as president.
Washington dines at the White House. On October 16, after an afternoon meeting at
the White House with Booker T. Washington, President Theodore Roosevelt informally
invited Washington to remain and eat dinner with him, making Washington the first
black American to dine at the White House with the president. A furor arose over the
social implications of Roosevelt's casual act.
Lynchings. One hundred and five black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1901.
1902
Lynchings. Eighty-five black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1902.
1903
The Souls of Black Folk. W. E. B. Du Bois's celebrated book, The Souls of Black Folk,
was published on April 27. In it, Du Bois rejected the gradualism of Booker T. Washington,
calling for agitation on behalf of African-American rights.
Lynchings.Eighty-four black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1903.
1904
College founded. Educator Mary McCleod Bethune founds a college in Daytona Beach,
Florida, known today as Bethune-Cookman College.
Lynchings. Seventy-six black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1904.
1905
The Niagara Movement. On July 11-13, African-American intellectuals and activists, led
by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter, began the Niagara Movement.
Lynchings. Fifty-seven black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1905.
1906
Soldiers riot. In Brownsville, Texas on August 13, black troops rioted against segregation.
On November 6, President Theodore Roosevelt discharged three companies of black
soldiers involved in the riot.
A race riot. On September 22-24, in a race riot in Atlanta, ten blacks and two whites
were killed.
Lynchings. Sixty-two black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1906.
1908
Thurgood Marshall born. Born in Baltimore on July 2, Thurgood Marshall, was the attorney
for the NAACP in the famous case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954), in which the
Supreme Court found segregated schools to be inherently unequal. He later became the
first African-American appointed to the Supreme Court.
A race riot. Many were killed and wounded in a race riot on August 14-19, in Abraham
Lincoln's home town of Springfield, Illinois.
Taft elected president. On November 3, William Howard Taft (Republican) was elected
president.
Lynchings. Eighty-nine black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1908.
1909
The NAACP is formed. On February 12 -- the centennial of the birth of Lincoln -- a
national appeal led to the establishment of the National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People, an organization formed to promote use of the courts to restore the legal
rights of black Americans.
The North Pole is reached. On April 6, Admiral Peary and African-American Matthew
Henson, accompanied by four Eskimos, became the first men known to have reached
the North Pole.
Lynchings. Sixty-nine black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1909.
1910
Census of 1910.
U.S. population: 93,402,151
Black population: 9,827,763 (10.7%)
Crisis debuts. The first issue of Crisis, a publication sponsored by the NAACP and
edited by W. E.B. Du Bois, appeared on November 1.
Segregated neighborhoods. On December 19, the City Council of Baltimore approved
the first city ordinance designating the boundaries of black and white neighborhoods.
This ordinance was followed by similar ones in Dallas, Texas, Greensboro, North
Carolina, Louisville, Kentucky, Norfolk, Virginia, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Richmond,
Virginia, Roanoke, Virginia, and St. Louis, Missouri. The Supreme Court declared the
Louisville ordinance to be unconstitutional in 1917.
Lynchings. Sixty-seven black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1910.
1911
The National Urban League begins. In October, the National Urban League was organized
to help African-Americans secure equal employment. Professor Kelly Miller was a
founding member.
Lynchings. Sixty black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1911.
1912
Wilson elected president. Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) was elected president on
November 5.
Lynchings. Sixty-one black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1912.
1913
Jubilee year. The fiftieth anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation was celebrated
throughout the year.
Harriet Tubman dies. Harriet Tubman -- former slave, abolitionist, and freedom fighter --
died on March 10.
Federal segregation. On April 11, the Wilson administration began government-wide
segregation of work places, rest rooms and lunch rooms.
Lynchings. Fifty-one black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1913.
1914
Lynchings. Fifty-one black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1914.
World War I. World War I began in Europe.
1915
Booker T. Washington dies. Renowned African-American spokesman Booker T.
Washington died on November 14.
Lynchings. Fifty-six black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1915.
1916
Lynchings. Fifty black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1916.
1917
World War I. America entered World War I on April 6. 370,000 African-Americans
were in military service -- more than half in the French war zone.
A race riot. One of the bloodiest race riots in the nation's history took place in East
St. Louis, Illinois, on July 1-3. A Congressional committee reported that 40 to 200
people were killed, hundreds more injured, and 6,000 driven from their homes.
NAACP protest. Thousands of African-Americans marched down Manhattan's Fifth
Avenue on July 28, protesting lynchings, race riots, and the denial of rights.
A race riot. On August 23, a riot erupted in Houston between black soldiers and white
citizens; 2 blacks and 11 whites were killed. 18 black soldiers were hanged for
participation in the riot.
The Supreme Court acts. On November 5, the Supreme Court struck down the
Louisville, Kentucky ordinance mandating segregated neighborhoods.
Lynchings. Thirty-six black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1917.
1918
A race riot. On July 25-28, a race riot occurred in Chester, Pennsylvania. 3 blacks
and 2 whites were killed.
A race riot. On July 26-29, a race riot occurred in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 3
blacks and 1 white were killed.
World War I ends. The Armistice took effect on November 11, ending World War I.
The northern migration of African-Americans began in earnest during the war. By
1930 there were 1,035,000 more black Americans in the North, and 1,143,000 fewer
black Americans in the South than in 1910.
Lynchings. Sixty black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1918.
1919
"Red Summer." This was the year of the "Red Summer," with 26 race riots between the
months of April and October. These included disturbances in the following areas:
May 10 Charleston, South Carolina.
July 13 Gregg and Longview counties, Texas.
July 19-23 Washington, D. C.
July 27 Chicago.
October 1-3 Elaine, Arkansas.
Lynchings. Seventy-six black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1919.
1920
Census of 1920.
U.S. population: 105,710,620
Black population: 10,463,131 (9.9%)
The Harlem Renaissance. The decade of the Twenties witnessed the Harlem
Renaissance, a remarkable period of creativity for black writers, poets, and artists,
including these authors:
Claude McKay, Harlem Shadows, 1922
Jean Toomer, Cane, 1923
Alaine Locke, The New Negro, 1925
Countee Cullen, Color, 1925
The rise of Marcus Garvey. On August 1, Marcus Garvey's Universal Improvement
Association held its national convention in Harlem, the traditionally black
neighborhood in New York City. Garvey's African nationalist movement was the
first black American mass movement, and at its height it claimed hundreds of
thousands of supporters.
Harding elected president. On November 3, Warren G. Harding (Republican) was
elected president.
Lynchings. Fifty-three black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1920.
1921
A race riot. On May 31-June 1, in a race riot in Tulsa, Oklahoma, 21 whites and 60
blacks were killed. The violence destroyed a thriving African American neighborhood
and business district.
Lynchings. Fifty-nine black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1921.
1922
An anti-lynching effort. On January 26, a federal anti-lynching bill was killed by a
filibuster in the United States Senate.
Lynchings. Fifty-one black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1922.
1923
President Harding dies. President Warren Harding died on August 3; Vice President
Calvin Coolidge succeeded him as president.
Lynchings. Twenty-nine black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1923.
1924
Lynchings. Sixteen black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1924.
1925
Malcolm X born. On May 19, in Omaha, Nebraska, civil rights leader Malcolm X was
born.
Sleeping car porters organize. On August 25, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
was organized. A. Philip Randolph was chosen president.
Lynchings. Seventeen black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1925.
Daniel A. P. Murray dies. Assistant Librarian of Congress and African-American historian
Daniel A. P. Murray died in Washington, DC, on March 31.
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